The Super Bowl is the championship game Championship is a term used in sport to refer to various forms of competition in which the aim is to decide which individual or team is the champion of the National Football League The National Football League is the highest level of professional American football. It was formed by eleven teams in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association, with the league changing its name to the National Football League in 1922. The league currently consists of thirty-two teams from the United States. The league is divided (NFL), the premier association of professional American football American football, known in the United States simply as football and often as gridiron outside the United States, is a competitive team sport. The objective of the game is to score points by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone. The ball can be advanced by carrying it or by throwing it to a teammate (a passing play). Points can be. It was first played on January 15, 1967, as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League The American Football League was a major Professional Football league that operated from 1960 until 1969, when it merged with the established National Football League (NFL). The upstart AFL operated in direct competition with the more established NFL throughout its existence. Though downplayed by the NFL as inferior, the AFL signed half of the NFL' (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was consummated in 1970. After the merger, each league became a "conference A conference is a group of teams that regularly schedule games against each other. Conferences often, but not always, include teams from a common geographic region. Large conferences can be split into divisions", and the game was then played between conference champions. The Super Bowl uses Roman numerals Roman numerals are a numeral system of ancient Rome based on letters of the alphabet, which are combined to signify the sum of their values. The first ten Roman numerals are to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. Super Bowl I The First AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional American football, later known as Super Bowl I, was played on January 15, 1967 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, California was played in 1967 to determine the championship of the regular season played in 1966 The 1966 NFL season was the 47th regular season of the National Football League, and the season after which was played Super Bowl I, though it was called the AFL-NFL World Championship Game. The league expanded to 15 teams with the addition of the Atlanta Falcons. This was the last season that the NFL had just two divisions, and that the, and Super Bowl XLIV Super Bowl XLIV was an American football game between the American Football Conference champion Indianapolis Colts and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New Orleans Saints to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2009 season. The Saints (16-3) defeated the Colts (16-3) by a score of 31–17, earning their first was played on February 7, 2010, to determine the champion of the 2009 regular season The 2009 NFL season was the 90th season of the National Football League, the major professional American football league in the United States. The preseason started with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game on August 9, 2009, and the regular season began September 10. The season ended with Super Bowl XLIV, the league's championship game, on February.

The day on which the Super Bowl is played is now considered a de facto De facto is a Latin expression that means "by [the] fact". In law, it is meant to mean "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but without being officially established". It is commonly used in contrast to de jure when referring to matters of law, governance, or technique (such American national holiday,[1][2][3] called Super Bowl Sunday. It is the second-largest day for U.S. food consumption, after Thanksgiving Day Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day, presently celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November, has been an annual tradition in the United States since 1863. Thanksgiving was historically a religious observation to give thanks to God.[4] And in most years, the Super Bowl is the most-watched American television broadcast The most watched television broadcast in Canadian history was the Gold medal game of the Men's ice hockey tournament at the 2010 Winter Olympics. 16.6 million Canadians watched the entire game. 13.3 million Canadians watched the Opening Ceremonies, which was the previous record. 13.3 million people also watched the final game of the 1972 Summit. Super Bowl XLIV, played in February 2010, became the most-watched American television program ever, drawing an average audience of 106.5 million viewers and taking over the spot held for 27 years by the final episode of M*A*S*H.[5] The final of the competition is – along with the UEFA Champions League The UEFA Champions League is an annual Association football cup competition organised by UEFA since 1955 for the top football clubs in Europe. The final of the competition is – along with the NFL's Super Bowl – the most watched annual sporting event worldwide, drawing just over 100 million television viewers – the most watched annual sporting event worldwide, drawing just over 100 million television viewers.[6]

Because of its high viewership, commercial airtime for the Super Bowl broadcast is the most expensive of the year. Due to the high cost of investing in advertising on the Super Bowl, companies regularly develop their most expensive advertisements for this broadcast. As a result, watching and discussing the broadcast’s commercials has become a significant aspect of the event. In addition, many popular singers and musicians have performed during the event's pre-game and halftime ceremonies The following is a list of Super Bowl halftime shows. Due to the large number of viewers that the Super Bowl generates, a number of popular singers and musicians have performed during the halftime show because of the exposure.

The Pittsburgh Steelers The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They are currently a member of the North Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League. Founded in 1933, the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC. Pittsburgh has won more Super Bowl titles (six), won more AFC have won six Super Bowls, while two other teams have won five. Fifteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl. Only four active NFL franchises,the Cleveland Browns The Cleveland Browns are an American football team based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are currently members of the North Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). The team began play in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and joined the NFL in 1950 after the AAFC folded, Detroit Lions The Detroit Lions are an American football team based in Detroit, Michigan. They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL), and play their home games at Ford Field in Downtown Detroit (the only NFC team yet to do so), Jacksonville Jaguars The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional American football team located in Jacksonville, Florida. They are currently members of the South Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). The Jaguars, along with the Carolina Panthers, joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1995, and Houston Texans The Houston Texans are a professional American football team based in Houston, Texas, United States. The team is currently a member of the Southern Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). The Texans joined the NFL in 2002 as an expansion team after Houston's previous franchise, the Houston Oilers (now, have not appeared in the Super Bowl: The Browns and Lions have both won NFL championships prior to the Super Bowl era, while the Jaguars (who joined the NFL in 1995) and Texans (2002) joined the league after the Super Bowl era began.

Contents

Origin

The Super Bowl was created as part of the merger agreement between the National Football League (NFL) and its competitive rival, the American Football League (AFL). After its inception in 1920, the NFL fended off several rival leagues before the AFL began play in 1960. The intense competitive war for players and fans led to serious merger talks between the two leagues in 1966. According to NFL Films NFL Films is a Mount Laurel, New Jersey-based company devoted to producing commercials, television programs, feature films, and documentaries on the National Football League, as well as other unrelated major events and awards shows. Founded as Blair Motion Pictures by Ed Sabol in 1962, and now run by his son Steve Sabol, it is currently owned by President Steve Sabol, then NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle Alvin Ray "Pete" Rozelle was the commissioner of the National Football League (NFL) from January 1960 to November 1989, when he retired from office. Rozelle is credited with making the NFL into one of the most successful sports leagues in the world wanted to call the game "The Big One".[7] During the discussions to iron out the details, one of the AFL's founders and Kansas City Chiefs The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City, Missouri. The Chiefs are a member of the Western Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). Originally named the Dallas Texans, the club was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football owner Lamar Hunt Lamar Hunt was an American sportsman and promoter of American football, soccer, basketball, and ice hockey in the United States and an inductee into three sports' halls of fame. He was one of the founders of the American Football League (AFL) and Major League Soccer (MLS), as well as MLS predecessor the North American Soccer League (NASL). He was had jokingly referred to the proposed inter league championship as the "Super Bowl". [8] Lamar Hunt, who died in December 2006, coined the term Super Bowl in the late 1960s after watching his kids play with a Super Ball SuperBall is a toy, invented by Norman H. Stingley in 1965, and manufactured by Wham-O. It is an extremely elastic ball made of Zectron, which contains the synthetic rubber polymer polybutadiene, as well as hydrated Silica, zinc oxide, stearic acid, and other ingredients vulcanized with sulfur at a temperature of 165 degrees Celsius and at a, the bouncy creation of iconic toy manufacturer Wham-O. The small, round ball is now on display at the Pro Football Hall of Fame The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame of professional football in the United States with an emphasis on the National Football League . It opened in Canton, Ohio, on September 7, 1963, with 17 charter inductees. Through 2008, all but one of the player inductees played some part of their pro career in the NFL (the lone exception is in Canton Canton is the county seat of Stark County in northeastern Ohio, approximately 24 miles south of Akron and 60 miles (97 km) south of Cleveland, Ohio The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a. The name was consistent with postseason college football College football refers to American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities, colleges and military academies. It was through college play that American football first gained popularity in the United States games which had long been known as "bowl games In North America, a bowl game is commonly considered to refer to one of a number of post-season college football games. Prior to 2002, bowl game statistics were not included in players' career totals and the games were mostly considered to be exhibition games involving a payout to participating teams, which had to meet strict eligibility." Hunt only meant his suggested name to be a stopgap until a better one could be found; nevertheless, the name "Super Bowl" became permanent. Tickets for the games played in 1967, 1968, and 1969 were printed with "World Championship Game"[9]

After the NFL's Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are an American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL) and are the third-oldest franchise in the NFL convincingly won the first two Super Bowls, some team owners feared for the future of the merger. At the time, many doubted the competitiveness of AFL teams compared with NFL counterparts, though that perception changed with the AFL's New York Jets The New York Jets, also referred to as Gang Green are a professional American football team based in East Rutherford, New Jersey, representing the New York metropolitan area. They are members of the Eastern Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). In a unique arrangement, the Jets share Meadowlands' defeat of the Baltimore Colts The Indianapolis Colts are a professional football team based in Indianapolis, Indiana. They play in the AFC South division of the National Football League. They have won 2 NFL championships and 2 Super Bowls in Super Bowl III Super Bowl III was the third AFL-NFL Championship Game in professional American football, but the first to officially bear the name "Super Bowl" . This game is regarded as one of the greatest upsets in sports history. The heavy underdog American Football League (AFL) champion New York Jets (11-3) defeated the National Football League ( in Miami Miami is a major city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida, in the United States. Miami is the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida. It is the principal city and the center of the South Florida metropolitan area, which had a 2008 population of 5,414,712; ranking 7th largest in the U.S.. The Miami. One year later, the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City, Missouri. The Chiefs are a member of the Western Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). Originally named the Dallas Texans, the club was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings The Minnesota Vikings are a professional football team based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Vikings compete in the North Division of the National Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). Prior to divisional realignment in 2002, they had been a member of the Central Division, also known as the Black & Blue Division. The 23–7 and won Super Bowl IV in New Orleans New Orleans (pronounced /nuː ˈɔrliənz/ or /nuː ɔrˈliːnz/, locally [nuː ˈɔrlənz] or [ˈnɔrlənz]; French: La Nouvelle-Orléans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃] ) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana, the last World Championship game played between the champions of the two leagues, as the league merger finally took place later that year.

The game is played annually on a Sunday as the final game of the NFL Playoffs. Originally the game took place in early to mid-January, following a 14-game regular season and playoffs. Over the years, the date of the Super Bowl has progressed from the second Sunday in January, to the third, then the fourth Sunday in January; the game is now played on the first Sunday in February, given the current 17-week (16 games and one bye week A bye, in sports and other competitive activities, most commonly refers to the practice of allowing a player or team to advance to the next round of a playoff tournament without playing. This is generally the result of having a number of entrants in the competition that is not a power of two ; any such tournament must eventually through) regular season and three rounds of playoffs. This progression of the date of the Super Bowl has been caused by the following: the expansion of the NFL regular season in 1978 from 14 games to 16, the expansion of the pre-Super Bowl playoff field from eight to twelve teams, necessitating the addition of a third round of playoffs (also in 1978), the addition of the regular season bye-week in the 1990s, and the decision prior to the 2001 season to start the regular season the week after Labor Day, moving the start of the season to a week later than it had been (in 1997, for example, the regular season started on Sunday, August 31). Former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle Alvin Ray "Pete" Rozelle was the commissioner of the National Football League (NFL) from January 1960 to November 1989, when he retired from office. Rozelle is credited with making the NFL into one of the most successful sports leagues in the world is often considered the mastermind of both the merger and the Super Bowl. His leadership guided the two competitors into the merger agreement and cemented the preeminence of the Super Bowl.

The winning team receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy The Vince Lombardi Trophy is the trophy awarded each year to the winning team of the National Football League's championship game, the Super Bowl. The original name of the trophy was initially inscribed with the words “World Professional Football Championship” and was referred to generically as the world championship trophy, it has been, named for the coach Vincent Thomas Lombardi was an American football coach. He is a legendary football figure, in large part as the head coach of the Green Bay Packers during the 1960's. The National Football League's Super Bowl trophy is named in his honor of the Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are an American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL) and are the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, who won the first two Super Bowl games and three of the five preceding NFL championships (1961, 1962, 1965). Following his death in September 1970, the trophy was named the Vince Lombardi Trophy, and was first awarded as such to the Baltimore Colts at Super Bowl V in Miami.

Game history

See also: List of Super Bowl champions The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League . The contest is held in an American city that is chosen three to four years beforehand, usually in warm-weather or domed sites. Since 1971, the winner of the American Football Conference (AFC) Championship Game has faced the winner of

1966–1967: Packers early success

The Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are an American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL) and are the third-oldest franchise in the NFL won the first two Super Bowls, defeating the Kansas City Chiefs The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City, Missouri. The Chiefs are a member of the Western Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). Originally named the Dallas Texans, the club was founded by Lamar Hunt in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football and the Oakland Raiders The Oakland Raiders are a professional American football team in the NFL based in the city of Oakland, California. They currently play in the Western Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). The Raiders began play in 1960 as the eighth charter member of the American Football League (AFL), where they won. The Packers were led by quarterback Bart Starr, who was named MVP for both games. These two championships, along with the Packers' NFL championships in 1961, 1962, and 1965 have led many people to consider the Packers to be the "Team of the '60s." Green Bay Green Bay is a city in and the county seat of Brown County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, located at the head of Green Bay, a sub-basin of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Fox River. It has an elevation of 581 feet above sea level and is located 112 miles (180 km) north of Milwaukee. As of the 2000 census Green Bay had a population of 102,313 is often referred to as "Title Town."

1968–1980 AFL/AFC dominance

In Super Bowl III Super Bowl III was the third AFL-NFL Championship Game in professional American football, but the first to officially bear the name "Super Bowl" . This game is regarded as one of the greatest upsets in sports history. The heavy underdog American Football League (AFL) champion New York Jets (11-3) defeated the National Football League (, behind the guarantee of Joe Namath Joseph William "Joe" Namath , also known as Broadway Joe or Joe Willie, is a former American football quarterback. He played college football for the University of Alabama under coach Paul "Bear" Bryant and his assistant, Howard Schnellenberger, from 1962–1964, and Professional Football in the American Football League and, the New York Jets defeated the 18-point favorite Baltimore Colts 16–7. The win helped solidify the AFL as a legitimate contender with the NFL. And as it turned out, the 1970s were dominated by the AFC, though four of those wins were by pre-merger NFL teams that had been moved to the AFC. Only one NFC franchise won a Super Bowl during the decade: the Dallas Cowboys. Dallas appeared in five Super Bowls and won Super Bowls VI and XII.

Perfection

During the 1970s, a majority of the Super Bowls were won by just two teams, the Miami Dolphins and the Pittsburgh Steelers, winning a combined six championships in the decade. Miami won Super Bowls VII and VIII. The first of these Super Bowl wins capped the only undefeated and untied season in the history of the NFL at 17-0. The 2007 New England Patriots, who went 16–0 during the regular season, ended up losing Super Bowl XLII to the New York Giants, on the back of an Eli Manning TD pass to Plaxico Burress with 35 seconds remaining in the game. The New England Patriots of that year have the best record to never win a title at 18-1. (The 1984 49ers and 1985 Bears also have an 18-1 record but both teams won the Super Bowl)

The Steelers' dynasty

Pittsburgh won four Super Bowls between 1974 and 1980 (IX, X, XIII, and XIV) behind the coaching of Chuck Noll and play of Terry Bradshaw, Lynn Swann, and Franco Harris—each receiving at least one MVP award—and their "Steel Curtain" defense led by "Mean" Joe Greene and Jack Lambert. The Steelers were the first team to win three and then four Super Bowls and appeared in six AFC Championship Games during the decade making the playoffs eight straight seasons. Nine players and three coaches/administrators that were on each of the championship seasons have been inducted into the Hall of Fame. Pittsburgh is also the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls on two different occasions.

1981–1996: The NFC's winning streak

NFC teams won fifteen of sixteen Super Bowls in this stretch, including thirteen in a row from 1984 to 1996.

The 49ers lead the NFC domination in the 1980s

The most successful franchise of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, who won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV). They were known for using Bill Walsh's west coast offense. The 1980s also included the 1985 Chicago Bears who finished the season with an 18–1 record (a feat accomplished the prior year by the 49ers). The Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders were the only AFC franchise to win a Super Bowl in the 1980s, winning Super Bowls XV and XVIII. The Washington Redskins won Super Bowls XVII and XXII while their NFC East rivals, the New York Giants won Super Bowls XXI and XXV.

The Cowboys dominate the early 1990s

The Dallas Cowboys became the dominant team in the NFL in the early 1990s. After championships by division rivals New York and Washington to start the decade, the Cowboys won three of the next four Super Bowls. With Super Bowl XXIX, the 49ers became the first team to win five Super Bowls. The Cowboys also won their fifth title ( Super Bowl XXX ) in the decade and appeared in four NFC championship games as well, winning with both a balanced offense and dominant defense. The 49ers and the Cowboys faced each other in three consecutive NFC championships. As both teams began to lose their dominance late into the decade, another NFC powerhouse, the Green Bay Packers, led by three time MVP quarterback Brett Favre, emerged, winning Super Bowl XXXI following the 1996 season.

The early 1990s also featured the Buffalo Bills, who became the only team to date to appear in four consecutive Super Bowls. However, they lost all of them.

1997–Present: The AFC Rises Again

In Super Bowl XXXII, quarterback John Elway led the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13-game winning streak, and beginning a streak in which the AFC would win nine of the next thirteen Super Bowls. The Broncos would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIII the next year, over the Atlanta Falcons, in Elway's final game before retiring. After an NFC win by the St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV, the AFC continued its winning ways, with wins by the Baltimore Ravens and New England Patriots.

The Patriots dominate the early 2000s

The Patriots became the dominant team through the early 2000s, winning the championship in three out of four years early in the decade. In Super Bowl XXXVI Super Bowl MVP quarterback Tom Brady led his team to a 20–17 upset victory over the Rams. The Patriots also went on to win Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX. They lost Super Bowl XLII to the New York Giants in 2008 becoming the only team to finish the season 18–1 and not win the Super Bowl.

The second half of the decade saw parity among both conferences. The AFC recorded wins by the Pittsburgh Steelers (XL and XLIII) and the Indianapolis Colts (XLI). The Giants (XLII) and the New Orleans Saints (XLIV) logged NFC wins.

Security

The Super Bowl has been designated a National Special Security Event by the United States Secret Service and the Department of Homeland Security for every year since Super Bowl XXXVI, which was the first Bowl played following the September 11 attacks. That means that the stadium and surrounding area face increased security measures, especially on game day. Among other things, this means that the once-ubiquitous blimps (according to NFL Films' Steven Sabol, Super Bowl XIX had four of them) have been grounded.

Television coverage and ratings

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The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (February 2010)

For many years, the Super Bowl has had a very large television audience in the U.S., and it is often the most watched television program of the year. The game tends to have high Nielsen television ratings which usually come in around a 40 rating and 60 share (i.e., on average, 40 percent of all U.S. households, and 60 percent of all homes tuned into television during the game). This means that on average, 80 to 90 million Americans are tuned into the Super Bowl at any given moment.

A frequently misquoted[10][11] figure from NFL press releases has led to the common perception that the Super Bowl has an annual global audience of around one billion people. In fact, the NFL states one billion as the game's potential worldwide audience – i.e. the number of people able to watch the game.[12] Independent studies suggest that the average global viewership is just over 100 million, the vast majority[quantify] of whom are U.S. viewers.[10] This is comparable with the final of the European UEFA Champions League [13][14] making both the most watched annual sporting events (both the 4-yearly Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup exceed this total). For example, the Final of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was watched by over 607.9 million people.[15]

The highest-rated game according to Nielsen was Super Bowl XVI in 1982, which was watched in 49.1 percent of households (73 share) or 40,020,000 households at the time. Ratings for that game, a San Francisco victory over Cincinnati, may have been boosted by a large blizzard that affected much of the northeastern United States on game day, keeping even more people than usual at home in front of the TV. Super Bowl XVI still ranks #4 on Nielsen's list of top-rated programs of all time, and three other Super Bowls (XII, XVII, and XX) made the top 10.[16] Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 holds the record for total U.S. viewership, attracting an average audience of 106.5 million viewers. Although the proliferation of cable and satellite television has undercut broadcast ratings somewhat in recent years, the game is still sufficiently popular that a number of networks actually schedule original programming during the game, such as independently produced halftime entertainment, simply to take advantage of a large audience already in front of the television. Other networks air reruns or syndicated programming to avoid wasting a potentially highly rated new episode.

Following Apple Computer's 1984 commercial introducing the Macintosh computer, directed by Ridley Scott, the broadcast of the Super Bowl became the premier showcase for high concept or simply extravagantly expensive commercials.[citation needed] Famous commercial campaigns include the Budweiser "Bud Bowl" campaign, and the 1999 and 2000 dot-com ads. Prices have increased each year, with advertisers paying as much as $3 million for a 30-second spot during Super Bowl XLIII in 2009 (though this dropped to $2.8 million for Super Bowl XLIV). A segment of the audience tunes in to the Super Bowl solely to watch the creative commercials

Super Bowl on TV

Network Number broadcast Years broadcast Future scheduled telecasts
ABC*[›] 7 1985, 1988, 1991, 1995, 2000, 2003, 2006
CBS 17 1967, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1992, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010 2013
Fox 5 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008 2011, 2014
NBC 16 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2009 2012

^ *: Not currently broadcasting NFL. The first Super Bowl was simultaneously broadcast by CBS and NBC, with each network using the same video feed but providing its own commentary teams for the audio portion. Super Bowls I–VI were blacked out in the television markets of the host cities, due to league restrictions then in place.

Lead-out programming

See also: List of Super Bowl lead-out programs

The network that airs the Super Bowl typically takes advantage of the large audience to air an episode of a hit series or to premiere the pilot of a promising new series in the lead-out slot, immediately following the Super Bowl and the post-game coverage. [1]

Entertainment

See also: List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl and List of Super Bowl halftime shows
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“ Initially, it was sort of a novelty and so it didn't quite feel right. But it was just like, this is the year. ... Bands of our generation, you can sort of be seen on a stage like this or, like, not seen. There's not a lot of middle places. It is a tremendous venue. ”

——Bruce Springsteen explaining why he turned down several invitations to play at the Super Bowl before finally agreeing to appear in Super Bowl XLIII.[17]

Early Super Bowls featured a halftime show consisting of marching bands from local colleges or high schools. But as the popularity of the game increased, so did the potential of exposure. This has led to the trend of popular singers and musicians performing during its pre-game ceremonies, the halftime show, or even just singing the national anthem of the United States, "The Star-Spangled Banner".[18] Unlike regular season or playoff games, thirty minutes are allocated for the Super Bowl halftime.

The first halftime show to feature only one star performer was Michael Jackson during Super Bowl XXVII in 1993. The NFL specifically went after a big star like Jackson to increase viewership and to continue expanding the Super Bowl as a mega-event.[19] Another especially memorable performance came during Super Bowl XXXVI in 2002, when U2 performed. During their second song, "Where the Streets Have No Name" the band played under a large projection screen which scrolled through names of the victims of the September 11 attacks.

The halftime show of Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 generated controversy, when Justin Timberlake removed a piece of Janet Jackson's top, exposing her right breast with a star-shaped ring around the nipple. Timberlake and Jackson have maintained that the incident was accidental, calling it a "wardrobe malfunction". The game was airing live on CBS, and MTV (at the time, a corporate sister company of CBS within Viacom) produced the halftime show. Immediately after that moment, the director cut to a very wide-angle shot and cut to a commercial break. However, video captures of the moment in detail circulated quickly on the Internet. The NFL, embarrassed by the incident, permanently banned MTV from doing another halftime show in any capacity. This also led to the FCC tightening controls on indecency and fining CBS and CBS-owned stations a total of US $550,000 for the incident. The fine was later reversed in July 2008.

Except for Super Bowl XXXIX, the famous "I'm Going to Disney World/Disneyland" advertising campaign took place at every Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXI, when quarterback Phil Simms from the New York Giants became the first player to say the now-famous tagline. Typically, Disney ran the ad several times during the game showing several players from both teams practicing the catch-phrase.

Venue

Looking toward Ford Field the night of Super Bowl XL.

Twenty-six out of forty-four Super Bowls have been played in one of three locations: New Orleans (nine times), the Greater Miami area (ten times), and the Greater Los Angeles area (seven times). These three "big" hosts are then followed by Tampa and San Diego: San Diego has hosted three games, and Tampa has hosted four.

The current NFL policy is to hold Super Bowls only in cities which have an NFL franchise. The last time the Los Angeles area hosted the game was Super Bowl XXVII in 1993. The league's two teams vacated the city in 1995: the Raiders moved back to Oakland, California, and the Rams moved to St. Louis, Missouri.

No team has played the Super Bowl in their home stadium. The closest have been the San Francisco 49ers who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium rather than Candlestick Park, and the Los Angeles Rams who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl rather than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The only other Super Bowl venue which wasn't the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston and the Rose Bowl: the Houston Oilers had played there previously, but had moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII. The Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl, II and III. It is also the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls. Tulane Stadium was the first of three Super Bowl venues to have been demolished: it was torn down in 1979. The others are Tampa Stadium (demolished in 1999) and the Miami Orange Bowl (demolished 2008).

Traditionally, the NFL does not award Super Bowls to stadiums that are located in climates less than 50°F (10°C) unless the field is completely covered by a fixed or retractable roof. Only three Super Bowls have been played in northern cities; two in the Detroit area (Super Bowl XVI at Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, and Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit), and one in Minneapolis (Super Bowl XXVI). However, all three were played inside domed stadiums. There has never been a Super Bowl scheduled to be played outside in cold temperatures. Super Bowl XLVI will also be played in a northern city, Indianapolis. The new Lucas Oil Stadium has a retractable roof, which presumably will be closed when the game is played in February 2012.

On March 5, 2006, Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, a "cold weather" city, was awarded the rights to host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015. However, the game was contingent on the successful passage of two sales taxes in Jackson County, Missouri on April 4, 2006. The first tax would have funded improvements to Arrowhead, home of the Chiefs and neighboring Kauffman Stadium, home of the Kansas City Royals Major League Baseball team. The second tax would have allowed the construction of a "rolling roof" between the two stadiums.[20] However, the second tax failed to pass. With increased opposition by local business leaders and politicians, Kansas City eventually withdrew its request to host the game by May 25, 2006.[21] Before that, Super Bowl XLIV, slated for February 7, 2010, was withdrawn from New York City's proposed West Side Stadium, also to have been a retractable roof facility, because the city, state, and proposed tenants New York Jets could not agree on funding. The game was then awarded to Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Despite not having a retractable roof, the Meadowlands Stadium was chosen for Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an apparent waiver of the usual warm-climate rule.

Selection process

The location of the Super Bowl is chosen by the NFL well in advance, usually three to five years before the game. Cities place bids to host a Super Bowl. Candidate cities are evaluated in terms of stadium renovation and ability to host a Super Bowl.[22] Then the NFL owners meet to make a selection on the site. The sites for the next four Super Bowls have been determined, up to Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. On October 16, 2007, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell suggested that a Super Bowl might be played in London, probably at Wembley Stadium.[23] The game has never been played in a region which lacks an NFL franchise. (Seven Super Bowls have been played in Los Angeles, but none since the Los Angeles Raiders and Los Angeles Rams both relocated elsewhere in 1995.)

Home team designation

The designated "home team" alternates between the AFC team in even-numbered games (the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV in February 2010), and the NFC team in odd-numbered games (the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII in February 2009).[24][25] This alternation was initiated with the first Super Bowl, when the Green Bay Packers of the NFL were the designated home team.

Since Super Bowl XIII in January 1979, the home team is given the choice of wearing their colored or white jerseys. Formerly, the designated home team was specified to wear their colored jerseys, which resulted in Dallas donning their less familiar dark blue jerseys for Super Bowl V.

While most of the home teams in the Super Bowl have chosen to wear their colored jerseys, there have been four exceptions; the Cowboys twice (XIII & XXVII), the Washington Redskins (XVII), and the Pittsburgh Steelers (XL). The Cowboys (since 1965) and Redskins (since the arrival of coach Joe Gibbs in 1981) have traditionally worn white jerseys at home. Meanwhile, the Steelers, who have always worn their black jerseys at home since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970, opted for the white jerseys after winning three consecutive playoff games on the road, wearing white. The Steelers' decision was compared with the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX. The Patriots had worn white jerseys at home during the 1985 season, but after winning road playoff games against the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins wearing red jerseys, New England opted to wear red for the Super Bowl as the designated home team. Strangely, the Dallas Cowboys (V) and the Washington Redskins (VII) have lost their Super Bowl games wearing their colored jerseys, although the Redskins wore their burgundy jerseys at home throughout the 1972 season leading up to Super Bowl VII.

Stadiums that have hosted the Super Bowl

Name Location # hosted Years hosted
Louisiana Superdome New Orleans, Louisiana 7* 1978, 1981, 1986, 1990, 1997, 2002, 2013
Miami Orange Bowl Miami, Florida 5 1968, 1969, 1971, 1976, 1979
Rose Bowl Pasadena, California 5 1977, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1993
Joe Robbie/Pro Player/Dolphin/Sun Life Stadium Miami Gardens, Florida 5 1989, 1995, 1999, 2007, 2010
Tulane Stadium New Orleans, Louisiana 3 1970, 1972, 1975
Jack Murphy/Qualcomm Stadium San Diego, California 3 1988, 1998, 2003
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles, California 2 1967, 1973
Tampa Stadium Tampa, Florida 2 1984, 1991
Georgia Dome Atlanta, Georgia 2 1994, 2000
Raymond James Stadium Tampa, Florida 2 2001, 2009
Rice Stadium Houston, Texas 1 1974
Pontiac Silverdome Pontiac, Michigan 1 1982
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Minneapolis, Minnesota 1 1992
Sun Devil Stadium Tempe, Arizona 1 1996
Reliant Stadium Houston, Texas 1 2004
ALLTEL/Jacksonville Municipal Stadium Jacksonville, Florida 1 2005
Ford Field Detroit, Michigan 1 2006
University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale, Arizona 1 2008
Stanford Stadium Stanford, California 1 1985
Cowboys Stadium Arlington, Texas 1* 2011
Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis, Indiana 1* 2012
Meadowlands Stadium East Rutherford, New Jersey 1* 2014

italics indicate a now-demolished stadium

"*" indicates hosted + scheduled match

Future Super Bowl host stadiums

The city of New Orleans submitted a bid to host Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 at the Louisiana Superdome.[26] and was selected by NFL owners on May 19, 2009.[27] It will be the first Super Bowl hosted in New Orleans since Hurricane Katrina damaged the stadium.[27]

The game has never been played in a region which lacks an NFL franchise, though cities without NFL teams are not categorically ineligible to host the event.[citation needed]

London, England has occasionally been mentioned as a host city for a Super Bowl in the near future, perhaps as early as 2014. The most likely venue would be Wembley Stadium, which has hosted several NFL games in the past. NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell has openly discussed the possibility a few times.[27][28][29][30]

Even though the Los Angeles area currently lacks a NFL franchise, the league is considering holding Super Bowl L there, to mark the 50th Super Bowl, commemorating Super Bowl I which was held at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum .[31][30] If Los Angeles were to host the game, it could be held at the Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, or a new stadium such as the proposed Los Angeles Stadium in the City of Industry.[32] The NFL has not had a franchise in the city since the 1995 season and has not played a Super Bowl in the metropolitan area since 1993.

Charlotte, North Carolina has been in talks about possibly hosting the 2015 Super Bowl. It has been upgraded with new hotels, and the (cold) rule has been ruled out ever since New York received the bid for 2014. The city believes it would be a great opportunity for economic and tourist purposes.[33]

Cities/regions that have hosted the Super Bowl

Miami New Orleans Los Angeles Tampa San Diego Houston Detroit Atlanta Phoenix Minneapolis Jacksonville SF Bay Area Arlington/Dallas Indianapolis NJ/NY Super Bowl host cities/regions (Future host regions in italics)
Name # hosted Years hosted
Miami Area 10 1968, 1969, 1971, 1976, 1979, 1989, 1995, 1999, 2007, 2010
New Orleans 9 1970, 1972, 1975, 1978, 1981, 1986, 1990, 1997, 2002
Greater Los Angeles Area 7 1967, 1973, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1993
Tampa 4 1984, 1991, 2001, 2009
San Diego 3 1988, 1998, 2003
Houston 2 1974, 2004
Detroit Area 2 1982, 2006
Atlanta 2 1994, 2000
Phoenix area 2 1996, 2008
Minneapolis 1 1992
Jacksonville 1 2005
San Francisco Bay Area 1 1985

Future Super Bowl host cities/regions

2011 – Arlington (Dallas-Ft.Worth Metro) (1)

2012 – Indianapolis (1)

2013 – New Orleans (10)

2014 – New Jersey/New York (1)

Super Bowl trademark

The NFL is vigilant on stopping what it says is unauthorized commercial use of its trademarked terms "NFL," "Super Bowl," or "Super Sunday"; as a result, many events and promotions tied to the game but not sanctioned by the NFL are forced to refer to it with colloquialisms such as "The Big Game," or other generic descriptions.[34]

The NFL claims that the use of the phrase "Super Bowl" implies an NFL affiliation, and on this basis the league asserts broad rights to restrict how the game may be shown publicly; for example, the league says Super Bowl showings are prohibited in churches or at other events that "promote a message"; and venues that do not regularly show sporting events cannot show the Super Bowl on any television screen larger than 55 inches.[35] Some critics say the NFL is exaggerating its ownership rights by stating that "any use is prohibited", as this contradicts the broad doctrine of fair use in the United States.[35]

In 2008, legislation was proposed by Senator Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) "to provide an exemption from exclusive rights in copyright for certain nonprofit organizations to display live football games, and "for other purposes."[36]

In 2006, the NFL made an attempt to trademark "The Big Game" as well. However, it withdrew the application in 2007 due to growing commercial opposition to the move, mostly from fans of both Stanford and Cal who compete in The Big Game which concludes their Pac-10 season.[37]

Trends and statistics

The following trends have been noted regarding Super Bowl games.

Relationships between pre-game perceptions and winning

Relationships between leads and winning

There has never been...

Miscellaneous

Further information: List of Super Bowl records

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/01/29/super_bowl_underscores_cultural_divide/
  2. ^
  3. ^ http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/16865062
  4. ^ "USDA Offers Food Safety Advice for Your Super Bowl Party". U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.fsis.usda.gov/News_&_Events/NR_012706_01/index.asp. Retrieved 2007-01-10.
  5. ^ "Super Bowl dethrones 'M*A*S*H,' sets all-time record". The Live Feed. February 8, 2010. http://www.thrfeed.com/2010/02/super-bowl-xliv-ratings-.html.
  6. ^ "Champions League final tops Super Bowl for TV market". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 31 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8490351.stm. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  7. ^ Southerland, Edward (2007-02-06). "'The Big One' back again". The Herald Democrat. http://www.heralddemocrat.com/articles/2007/02/06/commentary/comm01.txt. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  8. ^ Huppke, Rex W. (January 30, 2007). "Legends of the Bowl". Chicago Tribune: p. 1.
  9. ^ Hoffarth, Rex (2009-02-01). "NBC's Super Bowl history". Los Angeles Newspaper Group. http://insidesocal.com/tomhoffarth/archives/2009/02/nbcs-super-bowl.html. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
  10. ^ a b Rushin, Steve (2006-02-06). "A Billion People Can Be Wrong". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/writers/steve_rushin/02/03/rushin0206/. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  11. ^ Super Bowl XL to Attract Close to 1 Billion Viewers Worldwide, Voice of America, February 3, 2006
  12. ^ , NFL press release, February 3, 2007
  13. ^ "Champions League beats Super Bowl". BBC News. January 31, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8490351.stm. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  14. ^ http://www.sports-city.org/news_details.php?news_id=8049&idCategory=37
  15. ^ "TV Data". FIFA. June 10, 2010. http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketing/factsfigures/tvdata.html. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  16. ^ "Television's Top-Rated Programs". Nielsen Media Research. 2000-04-30. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/tv-toprated.html. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  17. ^ Fryer, Jenna (2009-01-30). "Bruce Springsteen's Super Bowl Promise: "12-Minute Party" At Halftime". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/29/bruce-springsteens-super_n_162385.html. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  18. ^ Super Bowl – Entertainment
  19. ^ Sandomir, Richard (2009-06-29). "How Jackson Redefined the Super Bowl". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/sports/football/30sandomir.html. Retrieved 2010-01-30.
  20. ^ "Chiefs sign new lease with Jackson County, team awaits April vote". Kansas City Chiefs. 2006-01-24. http://www.kcchiefs.com/news/2006/01/24/chiefs_sign_new_lease_with_jackson_county_team_awaits_april_vote/. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  21. ^ Associated Press (2006-05-25). "No rolling roof, no Super Bowl at Arrowhead". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2458407. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
  22. ^ Pedulla, Tom (2003-09-23). "N.Y./N.J. Super Bowl in 2008 may not come to pass". USAToday. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2003-09-22-ny-nj-superbowl_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  23. ^ ESPN – Goodell says NFL to look into playing Super Bowl in London – NFL, Associated Press, ESPN, 2007-10-15, accessed 2009-01-26
  24. ^ "Which jerseys will Bears wear in Super Bowl?". 2007-01-22. http://www.chicagobears.com/news/ChalkTalkStory.asp?story_id=2961. Retrieved 2008-04-12. "The Bears will be designated as the home team ... in Super Bowl XLI in Miami. The home team alternates every Super Bowl with the NFC representative serving as the home team in odd-numbered years and the away team in even-numbered years."
  25. ^ . 2008-01-22. . Retrieved 2008-04-12. "The AFC is the home team in this year's Super Bowl [Super Bowl XLII]."
  26. ^ Associated Press (2009-03-27). "New Orleans submits big for 2013 Super Bowl". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=4022024. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  27. ^ a b c Associated Press (2009-05-19). "New Orleans to host 10th Super Bowl in 2013". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=4180382. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
  28. ^ "NFL in talks on London Super Bowl". BBC Sports. 2009-04-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/american_football/8016358.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
  29. ^ ESPN News (2009-05-03). "Report: London eyes Super Bowl". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=4130864. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  30. ^ a b Marvez, Alex (2009-05-04). "All signs point to Favre returning". Fox Sports. http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/9535000/All-signs-point-to-Favre-returning. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  31. ^ "L.A. could host Super Bowl in 2016; Tampa in 2014?". NFL.com. 2009-02-03. http://blogs.nfl.com/2009/02/02/la-could-host-super-bowl-in-16-tampa-in-14/. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  32. ^ Farmer, Sam (2008-11-09). "Team or no team, Los Angeles has a shot at 2016 Super Bowl". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/nov/09/sports/sp-nfllines9. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  33. ^ http://espn.go.com/blog/nfcsouth/index/_/count/31
  34. ^ Gardner, Eriq (2007-01-29). "Super Bowl, Super Trademarks: Protecting the NFL's IP". The Hollywood Reporter, Esq.. http://web.archive.org/web/20070701050745/http://www.hollywoodreporteresq.com/thresq/ip/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003538980. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
  35. ^ a b Alter, Alexandra (2008-02-02). "God vs. Gridiron". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120190701069036633.html?mod=home_we_banner_left. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
  36. ^ "Church Super Bowl Victory: Senators Hatch & Specter Score Touchdown with NFL Policy". Copyright Queen Blog. 2008-02-22. http://www.copyrightsolver.com/dn2/pt/blog/default.aspx?id=10&t=Church-Super-Bowl-Victory-Senators-Hatc. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
  37. ^ NFL sidelines its pursuit of Big Game trademark

Further reading

External links

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